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A digital euro would be a digital form of central bank money, specifically the euro. It could be used by the general public in much the same way as cash, only in virtual form. Alongside cash, the Eurosystem would thus supply households with an additional form of central bank money that can be used quickly, easily and securely.

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Tobias Schmidt

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Tobias Schmidt

Research Interests

Household finance
Households‘ and Firms‘ Expectations
Survey Methodology
Innovation activities of firms

Refereed Publications
Nevertheless, they persist: Cross-Country Differences in Homeownership Behavior Huber S.J., Schmidt T.

2022 | Journal of Housing Economics, Vol. 55, 101804.

The value of data privacy during the COVID-19 pandemic: a new set of survey questions Anand K., Helmschrott S., Schmidt T., Zhou S.

2022 | Measurement Instruments for the Social Sciences, Vol. 4, 10 (2022).

Interviewer Effects and the Measurement of Financial Literacy Crossley T. F., Schmidt T., Tzamourani P., Winter J. K.

2021 | Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A: Statistics in Society, Vol. 184(1), pp. 150-178.

Fieldwork Monitoring in Practice: Insights from 17 Large-scale Social Science Surveys in Germany Meitinger K., Stadtmüller S., Silber H., Auriga R., Bergmann M., Blohm M., Blumenberg M., Christmann P., Felderer B., Frodermann C., Griese F., Gummer T., Hähnel S., Koch A., Kottwitz A., Krell K., Krieger U., Liebau E., Martin S., Müller-Kuller A., Rammstedt B., Schaurer I., Scherpenzeel A., Schmiedeberg C., Schmidt T., Schnaudt C., Zabal A.

2020 | Survey Methods: Insights from the Field.

The Panel on Household Finances (PHF) – Microdata on Household Wealth in Germany Altmann K., Bernard R., Le Blanc J., Gabor-Toth E., Hebbat M., Kothmayr L., Le Blanc J., Schmidt T., Tzamourani P., Werner D., Zhu J.

2020 | German Economic Review, Vol. 21(3), pp. 373-400.

Identifying income and wealth-poor households in the euro area Müller P., Schmidt T.

2018 | Journal of Poverty, Vol. 22(2), pp. 126-155.

The influence of an up-front experiment on respondents' recording behaviour in payment diaries: Evidence from Germany Sieber S., Schmidt T.

2017 | Journal of Official Statistics, Vol. 33(29), pp. 427-454.

Zur Finanziellen Bildung der Privaten Haushalte in Deutschland: Ergebnisse der Studie Private Haushalte und ihre Finanzen (PHF) Schmidt T., Tzamourani P.

2017 | DIW Quarterly Journal of Economic Research. Vol. 86(4), pp. 31-49.

Consumer cash usage: A cross-country comparison with payment diary survey data Bagnall J., Bounie D., Huynh K., Kosse A., Schmidt T., Schuh S., Stix H.

2016 | International Journal of Central Banking, December, pp. 1-62.

How do households allocate their assets? Stylized facts from the Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption survey Arrondel L., Bartiloro L., Fessler P., Lindner P., Mathä T., Rampazzi C., Savignac F., Schmidt T., Schürz M., Vermeulen P.

2016 | International Journal of Central Banking, June, pp. 129-220.

Consumers' Recording Behaviour in Payment Diaries – Empirical Evidence from Germany Schmidt T.

2014 | Survey Methods: Insights from the Field. Vol. 2014, pp. 1-16.

Choosing and using payment instruments: evidence from German microdata von Kalckreuth U., Schmidt T., Stix H.

2014 | Empirical Economics, Vol. 46(3), pp. 1019-1055.

Using Cash to Monitor Liquidity Implications for Payments, Currency Demand and Withdrawal Behavior von Kalckreuth U., Schmidt T., Stix H.

2014 | Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol. 46(8), pp. 1753-1786.

International cooperation on innovation: firm-level evidence from two European countries De Faria P., Schmidt T.

2012 | Innovation: Management, Policy and Practice, Vol.14(3), pp. 304-324.

The effects of knowledge management on innovative success an empirical analysis of German firms Cantner U., Joel K., Schmidt T.

2011 | Research Policy, Vol.40(10), pp. 1453-1462.

Absorptive Capacity – One size fits all? Schmidt T.

2010 | Managerial and Decision Economics, Vol. 31(1), pp. 1-18.

Liability of Foreignness as a Barrier to Knowledge Spillovers: Lost in Translation? Schmidt T., Sofka W.

2009 | Journal of International Management, Vol. 15(4), pp. 460-474.

The use of knowledge management by German innovators Cantner U., Joel K., Schmidt T.

2009 | Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 13(4), pp. 187-203.

Understanding co-operative R&D activity: evidence from four European countries Abramovsky L., Kremp E., López A., Schmidt T., Simpson H.

2009 | Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Vol.18(3), pp. 243-265.

Empirical Evidence on the Success of R&D Co-operation Happy Together? Aschhoff B., Schmidt T.

2008 | Review of Industrial Organisation, Vol. 33(1), pp. 41-62.

Two for the price of one? Additionality effects of R&D subsidies: A comparison between Flanders and Germany Aerts K., Schmidt T.

2008 | Research Policy, Vol. 37(5), pp. 806-822.

Innovationspotenziale in der Bewertung von IPOs Grimpe C., Schmidt T., Sofka W.

2007 | M&A Review, Vol. 3/2007, pp. 118-123.

Die Nutzung der Daten des Mannheimer Innovationspanels für die Politikberatung Aschhoff B., Schmidt T.

2007 | DIW Vierteljahreshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung, Vol. 76(3), pp. 17-28.
Other Working Papers and Publications
Inflation Expectations in the Wake of the War in Ukraine Afunts G., Cato M., Schmidt T.

2022 | Research column.

Russia's invasion of Ukraine has led to higher inflation expectations of individuals in Germany Afunts G., Helmschrott S., Cato M., Schmidt T.

2022 | VoxEU/CEPR.

Modifying the sample design of the Panel on Household Finances (PHF) in wave 4: aims and challenges Bernard R., Schmidt T., Tzamourani P.

2020 | JSM Proceedings, Survey Research Methods Section, Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association, pp. 484-490.

Evaluating the pilot phase of the Bundesbank online pilot survey on consumer expectations Beckmann E., Schmidt T.

2020 | Deutsche Bundesbank, Technical Paper 01/2020.

Cross-Country Difference in Homeownership: A Cultural Phenomenon? Huber S. J. , Schmidt T.

2018 | CeNDEF Working paper 18-08, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam.

What Took You so Long? The Role of Experience as a Determinant of Interview Duration Altmann K., Schmidt T.

2018 | in: JSM Proceedings, Survey Research Methods Section, Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association. pp. 774-794.

Interviewer effects and the measurement of financial literacy Crossley T. C., Schmidt T., Tzamourani P., Winter J. K.

2017 | Working Paper, ISER Working Paper Series, No. 2017-06, University of Essex.

Knocking on Respondents' Doors - Interviewers and Unit Non-Response in a Large Wealth Survey Le Blanc J., Schmidt T.

2014 | in: JSM Proceedings, Survey Methodology Section, Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association, pp. 943-957.

Consumer Cash Usage: A Cross-Country Comparison with Payment Diary Survey Data Bagnall J., Bounie D., Huynh K. P., Kosse A., Schmidt T., Schuh S. D., Stix H.

2014 | ECB Working Paper Series No. 1685, Frankfurt am Main.

Oversampling vermögender Haushalte im Rahmen der Studie „Private Haushalte und ihre Finanzen (PHF)“ Schmidt T., Eisele M.

2013 | in: T. Riede, S. Bechtold and N. Ott (edt.), Weiterentwicklung der amtlichen Haushaltsstatistiken, pp. 31-40, Scivero Verlag, Berlin.

Using cash to monitor liquidity – implications for payments, currency demand and withdrawal behaviour von Kalckreuth U., Schmidt T., Stix H.

2011 | ECB Working Paper Series No. 1385 (Oktober 2011), Frankfurt am Main.

An Information Economics Perspective on Main Bank Relationships and Firm R&D Hoewer D., Schmidt T., Sofka W.

2011 | ZEW Discussion Paper, No 11-055, Mannheim.

Choosing and Using Payment Instruments: Evidence from German Microdata von Kalckreuth U., Schmidt T., Stix H.

2009 | ECB Working Paper Series, No 1144, Frankfurt am Main.

Payment Behavior in Germany – An Empirical Study of the Selection and Utilisation of Payment Instruments in the Federal Republic of Germany Hoffmann A., Wörlen H., Friedrich A., Knaust N., von Kalckreuth U., Schmidt T.

2009 | Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt am Main.

The effects of knowledge management on innovative success: an empirical analysis of German firms Cantner U., Joel K., Schmidt T.

2009 | Jena Economic Research Papers, No 2009-037, Jena.

The Effects of Experience on Selecting Innovation Projects: Better the Devil You Know Schmidt T., Schwiebacher F., Sofka W.

2008 | ZEW Discussion Paper, No 08-084, Mannheim.

The Use of Knowledge Management by Innovators: Empirical Evidence for Germany Cantner U., Joel K., Schmidt T.

2008 | Jena Economic Research Papers, No 2008-002, Jena.

Motives for co-operation in innovation: Evidence from the 2005 Canadian Survey of Innovation Schmidt T.

2007 | Statistics Canada Innovation Analysis Bulletin, Vol. 9(2), pp. 7-8

Non-technological and Technological Innovation: Strange Bedfellows? Rammer C., Schmidt T.

2007 | ZEW Discussion Paper, No 07-052, Mannheim.

An Empirical Analysis of the Effects of Patents and Secrecy on Knowledge Spillovers Schmidt T.

2006 | ZEW Discussion Paper, No 06-048, Mannheim.

Lost in Translation – Empirical Evidence for Liability of Foreignness as Barriers to Knowledge Spillovers Schmidt T., Sofka W.

2006 | ZEW Discussion Paper, No 06-001, Mannheim.

Empirical Evidence on the Success of R&D Co-operation – Happy together? Aschhoff B., Schmidt T.

2006 | ZEW Discussion Paper, No 06-059, Mannheim.

Innovation in Germany Aschhoff B., Doherr T., Ebersberger B., Peters B., Rammer C., Schmidt T.

2006 | Results of the German Innovation Survey 2005, Mannheim.

Two For the Price of One? On Additionality Effects of R&D Subsidies: A Comparison between Flanders and Germany Aerts K., Schmidt T.

2006 | ZEW Discussion Paper, No 06-063, Mannheim.

Knowledge Flows and R&D Co-operation: Firm-level Evidence from Germany Schmidt T.

2005 | ZEW Discussion Paper, No 05-22, Mannheim.

Absorptive Capacity One Size Fits All? A Firm-level Analysis of Absorptive Capacity for Different Kinds of Knowledge Schmidt T.

2005 | ZEW Discussion Paper, No 05-22, Mannheim.

Innovationen in Deutschland Aschhoff B., Doherr T., Niggemann H., Peters B., Rammer C.

2005 | ZEW Wirtschaftsanalysen, Bd. 78, Baden-Baden.

Innovation Activities of German Enterprises - New Results from the Annual Innovation Survey by the ZEW Aschhoff B., Peters B., Rammer C., Schmidt T.

2005 | in: W. L. Filho and M. Weresa (eds.), Economic and Technological.

Understanding Co-operative R&D Activity: Evidence from Four European Countries Abramovsky L., Kremp E., López A., Schmidt T., Simpson H.

2005 | IFS Working Papers, W05/23, London.

I like the way you move: An empirical investigation into the Mechanisms Behind First Mover and Follower Strategies Schmidt T., Sofka W.

2004 | ZEW Discussion Paper, No 04-87, Mannheim.

Innovationsverhalten der Unternehmen in Deutschland Rammer C., Schmidt T.

2004 | Studien zum Deutschen Innovationssystem, 15-2004, Berlin.

Die Mannheimer Innovationspanels: Datenerhebung und -nutzung, in: N. Janz and G. Licht (eds.), Innovationsforschung heute Ebling G., Gottschalk S., Janz N., Peters B., Schmidt T.

2003 | ZEW Wirtschaftsanalysen, Bd. 63, S. 9-16, Baden-Baden.

Innovationsverhalten der deutschen Wirtschaft: Hintergrundbericht zur Innovationserhebung 2001 Gottschalk S., Janz N., Peters B., Rammer C., Schmidt T.

2002 | ZEW Dokumentation, Nr. 02-03, Mannheim.
Presentations
- 2019: Jahrestagung des Vereins für Socialpolitik, Leipzig, 25th International Panel Data Conference, Vilnius, Society for Economic Measurement- 6th Annual Symposium, Frankfurt am Main, GESIS Fieldwork Monitoring Symposium, Mannheim
- 2018: ASSA Conference, Philadelphia; 12th Workshop of Panel Surveys in German speaking countries, Bamberg; Insights from PHF and SOEP-IS for household finance, Berlin; 35th IARIW Conference, Copenhagen; Jahrestagung des Vereins für Sozialpolitik, Freiburg
- 2017: 4th Conference of the Society for Economic Measurement, MIT Cambridge; 24rd ERES Annual Conference, Delft; Understanding Society - Scientific Conference 2017, Colchester; 7th Conference of the European Survey Research Association (ESRA), Lisbon; Frühjahrstagung der Sektion „Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung“ der DGS, Mannheim
- 2016: 23rd ERES Annual Conference, Regensburg, 34th IARIW Conference, Dresden, 2016 AREUEA International Conference, Alicante, Jahrestagung des Vereins für Sozialpolitik, Augsburg, 9th International Conference on Social Science Methodology, Leicester, 1st Conference on Behavioral Finance and Financial Literacy, Barcelona, 17th IWH-CIREQ-GW Macroeconometric Workshop, Halle
- 2015: 6th European Survey Research Association (ESRA) Conference, Reykjavik; Understanding Society - Scientific Conference 2015, Colchester; 3rd Luxemburg Workshop on Household Finance, Luxemburg; Joint ECB and Bank of Finland Conference on Payments, Helsinki; ECB Conference on Household Finance, Frankfurt am Main; International Total Survey Error Conference 2015, Baltimore
- 2014: Applied Micro Workshop at Toulouse School of Economics, Toulouse; SNB-OeNB-Bundesbank Workshop, Zurich; Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales (BMAS), Berlin
- 2013: Joint Statistical Meeting, Statistische Woche, 2^nd SAVE-PHF Conference, Eltville; DSGV Forum "Privater Haushalt", Berlin; ZEW Research Seminar, Mannheim
- 2012: 1^st SAVE-PHF Conference, Munich
- 2011: European Survey Research Association (ESRA) Conference, Lausanne; Annual Meeting of the Canadian Economics Association, Ottawa; Third Central Bank Forum on Payment Survys, Barcelona
- 2010: European Association for Research in Industrial Economics (EARIE), Istanbul; International Schumpeter Society Conference, Aalborg; DIME Workshop "Innovation and the design of financial systems", Paris; Household Finance and Consumption Network Meeting, Frankfurt am Main
- 2009: Jahrestagung des Vereins für Socialpolitik, Magdeburg; Annual Meeting of the Canadian Economics Association, Toronto; ECB/DNB Joint Conference "Retail Payments: Integration and Innovation", Frankfurt am Main
- 2008: Jahrestagung des Vereins für Socialpolitik, Graz; ZEW Conference "Empirical Economics of Innovation and Patenting", Mannheim; Annual Meeting of the Canadian Economics Association, Vancouver; Comperative Analysis of of Enterprise Data (CAED), Budapest; OeNB Summer School "Survey Data Analysis", Vienna; Household Finance and Consumption Network Meeting, Frankfurt am Main
- 2003-2007: DRUID Summer Conference, Copenhagen; Annual Meeting of the Canadian Economics Association, Halifax; Blue Sky II – What Indicators for Science, Technology and Innovation Policies in the 21st Century?, Ottawa; Comperative Analysis of Enterprise Microdata Conference (CAED), Chicago; International Industrial Organization Conference (IIOC), Boston; United States – European Union: Workshop on Innovation Statistics, Washington, D.C.; ONS Analysis of Enterprise Microdata Conference 2005, Cardiff; Industry Canada Brown Bag Seminar, Ottawa; Expert Workshop "Managing global innovation networks", Duisburg; DRUID Summer Conference 2005; Copenhagen; Jahrestagung des Vereins für Socialpolitk 2005, Bonn; Augustin Cournot Doctoral Days, Strassburg; The European Network on Industrial Policy (EUNIP) 2004, Birmingham; DRUID Summer Conference 2004, Helsingor; Empirical Economics of Innovation and Patenting 2003, Mannheim
Research Brief
Individuals in Germany have suffered financial losses during the pandemic Research Brief | 53rd edition – September 2022

30.09.2022 Geghetsik Afunts, Misina Cato, Susanne Helmschrott, Tobias Schmidt

Cash payments more popular in Germany than in other countries Research Brief | 1st edition – February 2016

24.02.2016 Tobias Schmidt
Discussion Papers
The pass-through from inflation perceptions to inflation expectations Discussion paper 17/2023: Stefanie J. Huber, Daria Minina, Tobias Schmidt

30.06.2023 17/2023 | 4 MB, PDF

Inflation expectations in the wake of the war in Ukraine Discussion paper 03/2023: Geghetsik Afunts, Misina Cato, Tobias Schmidt

31.01.2023 03/2023 | 852 KB, PDF

Households’ expectations and regional COVID-19 dynamics Discussion paper 02/2023: Misina Cato, Tobias Schmidt

27.01.2023 02/2023 | 998 KB, PDF

Wealth and subjective well-being in Germany Discussion paper 11/2022: Antje Jantsch, Julia Le Blanc, Tobias Schmidt

05.04.2022 11/2022 | 2 MB, PDF

Household bargaining, pension contributions and retirement expectations: evidence from the German Panel on Household Finances Discussion paper 44/2021: Ines Fernandes, Tobias Schmidt

01.12.2021 44/2021 | 565 KB, PDF

Cross-country differences in homeownership: A cultural phenomenon? Discussion paper 40/2019: Stefanie J. Huber, Tobias Schmidt

01.11.2019 40/2019 | 3 MB, PDF

The role of central bank knowledge and trust for the public’s inflation expectations Discussion paper 32/2018: Sathya Mellina, Tobias Schmidt

10.09.2018 32/2018 | 1 MB, PDF

The influence of an up-front experiment on respondents’ recording behaviour in payment diaries: evidence from Germany Discussion paper 43/2015: Susann Sieber, Tobias Schmidt

14.12.2015 43/2015 | 464 KB, PDF

Identifying income and wealth-poor households in the euro area Discussion paper 35/2015: Philip Müller, Tobias Schmidt

26.10.2015 35/2015 | 498 KB, PDF

The pattern of home ownership across cohorts and its impact on the net wealth distribution: empirical evidence from Germany and the US Discussion paper 11/2015: Arthur Alik-Lagrange, Tobias Schmidt

19.06.2015 11/2015 | 441 KB, PDF

Consumer cash usage: a cross-country comparison with payment diary survey data Discussion paper 13/2014: John Bagnall, David Bounie, Kim P. Huynh, Anneke Kosse, Tobias Schmidt, Scott Schuh, Helmut Stix

18.07.2014 13/2014 | 279 KB, PDF

How do households allocate their assets? – Stylized facts from the Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey Discussion paper 12/2014: Luc Arrondel, Laura Bartiloro, Primin Fessler, Peter Lindner, Thomas Y. Mathä, Cristiana Rampazzi, Frederique Savignac, Tobias Schmidt, Martin Schürz, Philip Vermeulen

18.07.2014 12/2014 | 756 KB, PDF

Precautionary motives in short-term cash management – evidence from German POS transactions Discussion paper 38/2013: Martina Eschelbach, Tobias Schmidt

15.10.2013 38/2013 | 308 KB, PDF

The PHF: a comprehensive panel survey on household finances and wealth in Germany Discussion paper 13/2012: Ulf von Kalckreuth, Martin Eisele, Julia Le Blanc, Tobias Schmidt, Junyi Zhu

10.07.2012 13/2012 | 314 KB, PDF

Using cash to monitor liquidity – implications for payments, currency demand and withdrawal behavior Discussion paper 22/2011: Ulf von Kalckreuth, Tobias Schmidt, Helmut Stix

24.10.2011 22/2011 | 623 KB, PDF

An information economics perspective on main bank relationships and firm R&D Discussion paper 19/2011: Daniel Höwer, Tobias Schmidt, Wolfgang Sofka

26.08.2011 19/2011 | 346 KB, PDF

Fatigue in payment diaries – empirical evidence from Germany Discussion paper 11/2011: Tobias Schmidt

23.05.2011 11/2011 | 309 KB, PDF

Seasonality in house prices Discussion paper 08/2011: Florian Kajuth, Tobias Schmidt

19.04.2011 08/2011 | 134 KB, PDF

Choosing and using payment instruments: evidence from German microdata Discussion paper 36/2009: Ulf von Kalckreuth, Tobias Schmidt, Helmut Stix

30.12.2009 36/2009 | 383 KB, PDF

The effects of knowledge management on innovative success - an empirical analysis of German firms Discussion paper 16/2009: Uwe Cantner, Kristin Joel, Tobias Schmidt

13.07.2009 16/2009 | 276 KB, PDF

Knowledge sourcing: legitimacy deficits for MNC subsidiaries? Discussion paper 09/2009: Tobias Schmidt, Wolfgang Sofka

09.04.2009 09/2009 | 314 KB, PDF

International co-operation on innovation: empirical evidence for German and Portuguese firms Discussion paper 30/2007: Pedro Faria, Tobias Schmidt

12.11.2007 30/2007 | 330 KB, PDF

Contact

© Alex Habermehl

Dr Tobias Schmidt Central Office, Research Centre

+49 69 9566-33730

Address

Wilhelm-Epstein-Straße 14
60431 Frankfurt am Main
Germany

Curriculum Vitae

Senior Researcher in the Research Centre since July 2007

01.03.2021 | 221 KB, PDF

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